Probability Books

Probability, as an undergraduate course, studies the possible chance outcomes of particular events expressed on a scale from 0 to 1, where 0 means the event will not occur and 1 means the event will certainly occur. Probability is used in many different areas of mathematics including statistics, operations research, and finance, and also in philosophy and throughout the physical sciences to draw conclusions. The idea of studying probability is the following: if a natural phenomenon exhibits some degree of regularity, so that its variation can be described by a probability model, then probability can be used to reason from population to sample and this reasoning can be the foundation for a decision-making process.